Hello this is logic teacher Gene Roddenberry's #1 Fan and welcome to Fallacy Friday!
Appeal to Majority (Argumentum ad Populum) (a.k.a. Appeal to the People or Appeal to Popularity)
Definition: An informal logical fallacy in which the arguer uses popular or even majority opinion to prop up their conclusion. This is fallacious because popular or majority opinion does not necessarily prove the conclusion to be correct, especially since there are actually times when the majority is wrong.
Sample: "Just about everybody loves Halo and that is proven by the fact that Halo gets the "Game of the Year" award. That means that Halo is glorious."
The fact that the majority of people like Halo or that Halo gets a "Game of the Year" award does not necessarily prove that Halo is a good game. Halo is still a known form of military propaganda.
Appeal to Numbers (Argumentum ad Numerum)
Definition: An informal logical fallacy in which the arguer uses larger numbers to support their conclusion. This is fallacious because bigger numbers does not necessarily prove the conclusion to be correct.
Sample: "You have to admit that Halo is a better video game than Star Fox because it is proven by the fact that Halo has a lot more sales than Star Fox. Just look at the sales of Halo as compared with those of Star Fox."
The fact that Halo has many more sales than Star Fox does not necessarily prove that Halo is a better game than Star Fox.
Appeal to Authority (Argumentum ad Verecundiam)
Definition: An informal logical fallacy in which the arguer uses their own authority and/or someone else's authority to exempt their conclusion from any criticism or scrutiny. This is fallacious because the stated authority does not necessarily prove the conclusion to be correct.
Sample: "The most acclaimed game reviewers all agree that Halo is the best game ever, so that proves that Halo is the best game ever made."
The fact that top game critics praise Halo does not necessarily prove that Halo is a great game because in reality it is a dangerous game that bamboozles people into going to war.
Accident
Definition: An informal logical fallacy in which the arguer applies a general rule to an atypical specific case to which it does not apply. This is fallacious because applying a general rule to an atypical specific case to which it does not apply does not necessarily prove the conclusion to be correct.
Sample: "You should respect and be nice to people, if I say that Star Fox turns people into furverts and should be banned in the name of Halo, then you should respect me and be nice to me.."
The Halo goon is applying a general rule of respecting and being nice to people with different opinions to a specific case in which he is trying to censor a video game that he hates just for inspiring a people that he hates. Saying that you should respect a bigot like that furry-phobic Halo goon is fundamentally incorrect.
Ad Hoc Reasoning
Definition: A logical fallacy in which the arguer after his argument has been defeated looks for things that they could use to make their beaten argument appear valid. The is fallacious because making a defeated premise appear valid does not change the fact that it is already invalidated.
Sample: "The story of Halo is deep and is in great detail, you are missing out on the story of Halo that still proves that Halo is the better than Star Trek. Please read the great story of Halo in Halo books and on Halo websites."
The Halo goon was desperately trying to claim that the story of Halo disproves the fact that Halo is a colossal gaming advertisement for the war machine.
Slippery Slope (a.k.a. Camel's Nose)
Definition: An informal logical fallacy in which the arguer states that one little thing that disagrees with them will inevitably set off a chain reaction leading to disaster. This is fallacious because such chain reactions from taking a "first step" that disagrees with them are unlikely.
Sample: "All criticism of Halo must stop. If you keep bashing Halo, then the furries will start yiffing in public. If the furverts yiff in public places, then we will become more vulnerable and eventually we will be wiped out by enemies. And then it will be a Stalinist totalitarian dictatorship. Is that what you want?"
The said chain reaction that the Halo goon had predicted will never happen since it is impossible anyway. It is just a desperate bid by the Halo goon to silence the uncomfortable truth about Halo.
Hasty Generalization
Definition: An informal logical fallacy in which the arguer draws a general conclusion from atypical specific cases. This is fallacious because the general conclusion does not necessarily apply to specific cases.
Sample: "Everybody who wants to save Earth from attack by otherworldly enemies; including from Drej, all love Halo."
The Halo goon failed to recognize that there are some people who are against the concept of spaceships destroying Earth are also against Halo.
Prejudicial Language
Definition: An informal logical fallacy in which the arguer uses favorable terns for what they like and unfavorable terms for what they dislike to put moral goodness to their conclusion. This is fallacious because using good terms for one's likes and bad terms for one's dislikes does not necessarily prove the conclusion to be correct.
Sample: "Patriotic defenders of Planet Earth all agree that Halo is the bomb, only Star Fox furry NOOBS disagree."
The Halo goon claim about how defenders of our planet should like Halo and that only Star Fox-loving furries hate it is quite derogatory and also based on hasty generalization and does not prove at all that Halo is a great game.
Appeal to Tradition (Argumentum ad Antiquaintium)
Definition: An informal logical fallacy in which the arguer states that their conclusion is correct because it has lasted for so long. This is fallacious because the fact that the conclusion has lasted for generations does not necessarily prove it correct.
Sample: "People have always had wars for millenia, so war will be the answer and Halo is a great blueprint for our future."
The fact that war has gone on for many centuries does not necessarily mean that war has to continue into the far future. And it definitely does not prove that Halo is a good blueprint of our future since it is clearly not.
Appeal to Pity (Argumentum ad Misericordiam)
Definition: An informal logical fallacy in which the arguer tells the persuadee of their pitiful state in an effort to get them to accept the conclusion. This is fallacious Because the pitiful state of the arguer does not necessarily prove the conclusion to be correct.
Sample: "Stop telling me about how harmful you think Halo is; it is not true and I had the flu last month and now have a bed bug infestation, Halo is the best."
The pitiful state of the Halo goon having the flu in the prior month and having bed bugs does not necessarily prove that Halo is the best.
Appeal to Fear
Definition: An informal logical fallacy in which the arguer uses fear to get the persuadee to accept the conclusion. This is fallacious because using fear does not necessarily prove the conclusion to be correct.
Sample: "There is a high terror alert, so if you want to survive that terror alert, then support the military industrial complex and you must play Halo."
The Halo goon was using the fear of terrorism to justify supporting the war machine and that his persuadee must play Halo.
Appeal to Consequences (Argumentun ad Consequentiam)
Definition: An informal logical fallacy in which the arguer states that there will be unfavorable consequences to accepting a certain position that disagrees with them. This is fallacious because the said consequences are not necessarily the same as the actual consequences of accepting the position that the arguer disagrees with.
Sample: "You better like Halo or you are an agent of otherworldly invaders."
The said consequences of helping alien invaders that is predicted by the Halo goon are certainly not the same as the actual harmless and helpful result of not liking Halo.
Appeal to Force (Argumetum ad Baculum)
meaning argument of the "stick" or the "CUDGEL"!
Definition: An informal logical fallacy in which the arguer threatens the persuadee that unpleasant consequences will follow if they disagree with the conclusion. This is fallacious because the threat of force does not necessarily prove the conclusion to be correct.
Sample: "Star Fox Furry, I order you to stop liking Star Fox and switch to Halo, and stop being a furvert you NOOB! If you disobey me, I will pour lighter fluid in your bed and have you yiff in lighter fluid!"
The Halo goon's threat of pouring lighter fluid in a furry's bed does not necessarily prove that Halo is good or that Star Fox is bad.
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